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Abstract
Twenty-six bacterial isolates of Proteobacteria were isolated from patients with urinary tract infections from several hospitals in Babylon province. Urine samples were collected from patients with urinary tract infections, then these samples were grown on different culture media and identified by several biochemical tests. Also, their drug sensitivity was studied using nine types of antibiotics. The drug sensitivity of these samples was studied at acidic, neutral and basic pH using disk diffusion method. The study showed that ciprofloxacin and azithromycin had high activity against bacteria at both acidic and neutral pH, while amikacin, meropenem, imipenem and ciprofloxacin had high activity at basic pH against these bacteria
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References
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References
. M. L. Delzell, “Urinary Tract Infection During Pregnancy,” Am. Acad. Fam. Physicians, vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 713-721, Feb. 2000.
. J. L. Penner, “Genus XI Proteus,” in Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, N. R. Krieg and J. G. Holt, Eds. Baltimore, MD: William and Wilkins, 1984, pp. 491-494.
. A. W. Chown, P. R. Taylor, T. T. Yoshikaw, and L. B. Guze, “A Nosocomial Outbreak of Infection Due to Multiply Resistant Proteus Mirabilis: Role of Intestinal Colonization as a Major Reservoir,” J. Infect. Dis., vol. 130, no. 6, pp. 621-627, Dec. 1979.
. K. Ramakrishnan and D. C. Scheid, “Diagnosis and Management of Acute Pyelonephritis in Adults,” Am. Fam. Physician, vol. 71, no. 5, pp. 933-942, Mar. 2005.
. H. L. T. Mobley, M. D. Island, and R. P. Hausinger, “Molecular Biology of Microbial Ureases,” Microbiol. Rev., vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 451-480, Sep. 1995.
. S. K. Wray, S. I. Hull, R. G. Cook, J. Barrish, and R. A. Hull, “Identification and Characterization of a Uroepithelial Cell Adhesion from a Uropathogenic Isolate of Proteus Mirabilis,” Infect. Immun., vol. 54, no. 1, pp. 43-49, Apr. 1986.
. P. Zunino, C. Piccini, and C. Legnani-Fajard, “Growth, Cellular Differentiation and Virulence Factor Expression by Proteus Mirabilis in Vitro and in Vivo,” J. Med. Microbiol., vol. 48, pp. 527-534, Jun. 1999.
. H. Rajehwari, S. Nagaveni, A. Oli, and K. Chandrakanth, “Multiple Antibiotic Resistance and ESBL Producing Klebsiella Pneumoniae Isolated from Clinical Urine Samples,” Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 89-95, Jan. 2010.
. S. J. Liaw, H. C. Lai, S. W. Ho, K. T. Luh, and W. B. Wang, “Role of RsmA in the Regulation of Swarming Motility and Virulence Factor Expression in Proteus Mirabilis,” J. Med. Microbiol., vol. 52, pp. 19-28, Jan. 2003.
. E. Goldman and H. Lorrence, Practical Handbook of Microbiology, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2009.
. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically; Approved Standard M7-A7. Wayne, PA: CLSI, 2006.
. M. E. Falagas, L. McDermott, and D. R. Snydman, “Effect of pH on in Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility of the Bacteroides Fragilis Group,” Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., vol. 41, no. 10, pp. 2047-2049, Oct. 1997.
. Z. Erdogan-Yildirim, A. Burian, M. Manaf’i, and M. Zeitlinger, “Impact of pH on Bacterial Growth and Activity of Recent Fluoroquinolones in Pooled Urine,” Res. Microbiol., vol. 162, no. 3, pp. 249-252, Apr. 2011.
. L. Yang, K. Wang, H. Li, J. D. Doo, and P. A. Chen, “The Influence of Urinary pH on Antibiotic Efficacy Against Bacterial Uropathogens,” Urology, vol. 84, no. 3, pp. 731.e1-731.e7, Sep. 2014.
. J. G. Holt, N. R. Krieg, P. H. A. Sneath, J. T. Staley, and S. T. Williams, Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 9th ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1994.
. E. F. Hussein, “Isolation, Identification and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from Clinical Samples,” IOSR J. Pharm. Biol. Sci., vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 27-39, Jul.-Aug. 2016.
. A. W. Bauer, W. M. M. Kirby, J. C. Sherris, and M. Turck, “Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing by a Standardized Single Disk Method,” Am. J. Clin. Pathol., vol. 45, pp. 493-496, Apr. 1966.
. M. K. Salih, N. I. Alrabadi, K. M. Thalij, and A. S. Hussien, “Isolation of Pathogenic Gram-Negative Bacteria from Urinary Tract Infected Patients,” Open J. Med. Microbiol., vol. 6, pp. 59-65, Jun. 2016.
. M. Abuhandan, B. Guzel, Y. Oymak, and H. Ciftci, “Antibiotic Sensitivity and Resistance in Children with Urinary Tract Infection in Sanliurfa,” Turk J. Urol., vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 106–110, Jun. 2013.
. L. Cernohorska and E. Chvilova, “Proteus Mirabilis Isolated from Urine, Resistance to Antibiotics and Biofilm Formation,” Klin. Mikrobiol. Infekc. Lek., vol. 17, no. 3, pp. 81-85, Jul. 2011.
. J. K. Pandey, A. Narayan, and S. Tyagi, “Prevalence of Proteus Species in Clinical Samples, Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern and ESBL Production,” Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., vol. 2, no. 10, pp. 253-261, Oct. 2013.