Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT OF ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS IN CENTRAL IRAQ

2026-05-13T11:57:25+00:00

Objective: Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) of hospital-acquired infections (HAs) poses an urgent risk to patient safety in many countries and is not well characterized, especially in central Iraq. To this end, the following epidemiological assessment explores microbiota compositions, susceptibility patterns and risk-factors arising from tertiary hospitals throughout Baghdad and adjacent areas in 2023–2025 epochs. Method: In a systematic investigation of 8500 clinical samples from patients in an intensive care unit, surgical wards and internal medicine department, we identified that the overall rate of HAIs was 52%, with increasing rates seen in those who were ventilated or had longer lengths of stay. Methods Phylogenetic analysis of the clonal spread of MDR K. pneumoniae ST258-like strains between facilities. Results: The isolates were predominantly Gram-negative (62%, led by Klebsiella pneumoniae (35%), Escherichia coli (22%) and Acinetobacter baumannii (18%)), whereas Gram-positive such as Staphylococcus aureus (15%) and Enterococcus spp. (10%) were notable. Multi-drug resistance (MDR) was common: 73% isolates were MDR, 41% CRE and 52% MRSA. Ampicillin (more than 80%) cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin resistance were also common among Gram-negatives in the key resist profile, and raised concern of last resort therapy failure with 28% colistin resistance. Inappropriate use of antibiotics (70% pre-admission exposure), lack of infection control and noncompliance to hand hygiene rules (adherence 40%) were identified as risk factors. These findings indicate a growing AMR crisis driven by empirical prescribing and poor stewardship. Novelty: In the overburdened hospitals of central Iraq, HAIs require urgent interventions—national surveillance networks; rapid diagnostics; and bundled prevention strategies—to contain these infections and preserve therapeutic options.

BIOCHEMICAL, HISTOCHEMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE STOMACH AND CECUM IN RABBITS AND RATS

2026-05-15T14:15:41+00:00

Objective: To assess physiological variations from gastric and cecal activities, compare the biochemical makeup of secretions in rabbits and rats, and correlate structural variations with functional adaptations. Method: Ten samples from the stomach and cecum; five from each animal; were used. Results: Rats' omnivorous diet necessitates effective protein digestion, which is reflected in their higher acid as well as enzyme output. Rabbits have more mucus production and lower enzymatic activity because they rely more on fermentation by bacteria in the hindgut. Pyloric, fundic, and cardiac glands are present in rabbits, whereas the stomach of rats is devoid of cardiac glands. Fibrous plant material is stored and first processed in a conspicuous non-glandular area found in rabbits, while rats have a more active glandular region ideal for quick digestion. The number of goblet cells in the rabbit's cecum was generally higher. The rabbit cecum is specialized to high-efficiency, long-lasting fiber fermentation along with nutrient recycling via cecotrophy. Significant histochemical, biochemical, and physiological variations were observed in the stomach and cecum of rats and rabbits due to differences in food patterns and digestion processes. Novelty: The study highlights comparative histochemical, biochemical, and physiological adaptations of the stomach and cecum in rabbits and rats, emphasizing the relationship between dietary patterns, glandular structure, goblet cell density, mucin composition, and digestive functional specialization.

ETIOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF PHYSICIAN ERRORS IN PEDIATRIC PRACTICE ON FORENSIC EXAMINATION MATERIALS: LITERATURE REVIEW

2026-05-16T12:30:29+00:00

Objective: Pediatric amnesia is a condition in which a pediatrician cannot determine if a pregnant woman has any abnormalities. Thus , pediatric amnesia is necessary for doctors to clarify the criteria for convulsive disorders in pregnant women. Method: Due to the epidemiological features of the epidemiological problems of children in Tibet, the hospital was transformed into a Pediatric clinic. Results: In accordance with the requirements of the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Countering Extremism and Extremism against children in Difficult Situations (or in a drunken state), algorithms for responding to such actions have not been developed. Novelty: Thus , pediatric amnesia is necessary for doctors to clarify the criteria for convulsive disorders in pregnant women.

MOLECULAR DETECTION OF THE HYPHAL WALL PROTEIN 1 (HWP1) GENE IN CANDIDA PARAPSILOSIS ISOLATED FROM ORAL SAMPLES OF PATIENTS WITH PERIODONTITIS

2026-05-21T12:34:24+00:00

Objective: The current study aimed the research was to use molecular detection techniques to examine whether Candida parapsilosis infection in oral with periodontitis included the virulence gene hyphal wall protein 1 (HWP1). Method: Between April 2024 and September 2025, 80 oral swab samples were taken from individuals with clinically confirmed periodontitis who were visiting outpatient clinics and dental health centers in Ad Diwaniyah City, Iraq. The patients’ ages ranged from 18 to 49 years. Specimens were collected and used cotton swabs sterile, use the media Sabouraud’s dextrose agar and cultural on media Chrom agar Candida as confirmatory systems of Candida parapsilosis. Molecular detection of the HWP1 gene was performed using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay on confirmed isolates. Results: Candida parapsilosis was found in 18 isolates (22.5%) of the 80 samples that were collected. The HWP1 virulence gene was found in most of the detected isolates, according to PCR analysis. Novelty: The detection of the HWP1 virulence gene among Candida parapsilosis isolates suggest a potential a functional adhesin-associated protein responsible for the pathogenesis of oral infections related to periodontitis. These findings highlight the importance of molecular characterization in understanding the virulence mechanisms of Candida species in periodontal disease.