Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology

PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SALIVARY GLAND TUMORS AMONG THE POPULATION OF KHOREZM REGION

Sultanov B. B — 2025-09-15

Objective: Salivary diseases of the gland develop a heterogeneous pathological range of inflammatory, benign, and malignant diseases and require accurate diagnostic assessment and informed management, with this work aimed to assess reliable FNAC as well as identify the pitfalls, and determine how the informed use of morphological, molecular, and statistical analysis would benefit in characterizing salivary gland lesions on a specific population. Method: Advances in fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and molecular profiling have refined classification, especially in the revised World Health Organization (WHO) system that has introduced genetic characterization, and through the synergistic representation of FNAC, histopathology, IHC, and microstructural analyses with powerful patterns of statistics, the study applies a multi-faceted method that deals with the reliability of diagnosis and the characterization of lesions in the population-based scenario. Result: The outcome was that FNAC had very high sensitivity and specificity rates in the majority of lesions with certain pitfalls being cystic portions of tumors, but the molecular profiling increased classification and prognostic performance, which enhanced morphological and cytological data. Novelty: These results contribute to the importance of FNAC combined with molecular and histopathological analysis to reduce potential diagnostic errors, improve clinical description of the WHO-based disease categories, and outline specific management procedures, paving the way to future population-oriented studies of the molecular phenotypes of oral pathology.

SILVER NANOPARTICLES AS ANTIVIRAL-A MINI REVIEW

Lubna Abdulazem — 2025-09-16

Objective: There are many different species that nanoparticles can suppress, such as bacteria, algae, fungus, archaea, and a vast class of viruses. Method: The method of action involves preventing the creation of the cell membrane or its function, interfering with energy transmission, generating harmful reactive oxygen species (ROS), and preventing or lowering the synthesis of RNA and DNA. Results: Numerous nanomaterials, including those based on silicon, carbon, and metals, as well as nanoarchitectures, have been effectively employed to combat various viruses. The solid-state activity of these nanoarchitecture-based virucidal materials (also known as nano-antivirals) has been firmly supported by recent research. The development of many items, including high-touch surfaces and fabric, benefits greatly from their use. Novelty: The development of scalable and sustainable nano-antiviral products with contact-killing capabilities is recommended in this study, which carefully and critically evaluates current developments in the use of nanomaterials to block the effectiveness of Rotavirus, one of the enteroviruses that kill children.

KNOWLEDGE, PREPAREDNESS, AND BARRIERS TOWARD RECEIVING INFLUENZA VACCINE AMONG STUDENTS AT UNIVERSITY OF KUFA

Jihad Jawad Kadhim — 2025-09-23

Objective: To assess knowledge, perceived barriers, and willingness toward influenza vaccination among undergraduate students at the University of Kufa, Iraq, to inform targeted health promotion strategies. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted from February to March 2025 with 94 convenience-sampled undergraduate students from five colleges at the University of Kufa. Data were collected using a validated 32-item questionnaire assessing demographics, influenza vaccine knowledge, barriers, and willingness. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics and correlation tests using SPSS. Results: Participants demonstrated moderate knowledge levels: 60.64% had fair knowledge and 39.36% good knowledge regarding influenza vaccination. Most (64.89%) perceived moderate barriers, including misperceptions about vaccine safety, fear of side effects, and accessibility challenges. Willingness to vaccinate was moderate in 58.51% but poor in 38.30% of students. Correlation analysis showed no significant relationships between knowledge, barriers, and willingness, indicating complex factors influencing vaccine acceptance beyond knowledge alone. Novelty: The findings reveal moderate awareness and willingness toward influenza vaccination, tempered by perceived barriers among university students. Vaccine acceptance appears driven by a multifaceted interplay of cognitive, emotional, and structural factors. Tailored, multifactorial interventions combining education, barrier reduction, and improved accessibility are essential to increase vaccine uptake in this population.

A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF TOXOPLASMA GONDII ON THE COMMUNITY VIA GENETIC RESEARCH

Mushtaq Talib Al-Safi — 2025-09-29

Objective: Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite with a global presence, infecting nearly all warm-blooded animals, including humans, and this research explores the genetic diversity, virulence, and host-pathogen interactions of T. gondii, emphasizing the prevalence and diversity of clonal lineages (Types I, II, III), atypical strains, and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), particularly in Hungary and Brazil. Method: Comprehensive genomic, proteomic, and transcriptomic methodologies were employed, utilizing advanced genetic tools such as multilocus microsatellite typing, CRISPR-Cas9 editing, and genome sequencing to identify virulence factors, host immune response pathways, and parasite adaptation mechanisms. Result: The study highlights how environmental and host genetic factors shape gene expression and pathogenic outcomes, with key insights from CRISPR-mediated gene disruptions, transcriptional profiling in infected macrophages, comparative genomics between T. gondii and related parasites, and case studies in Wisconsin and Brazil revealing geographic clustering and genotype-specific host outcomes, while efforts in vaccine development target rhoptry and microneme proteins. Novelty: Further, the research addresses ethical, regulatory, and public health dimensions, emphasizing biospecimen collection, community engagement, and global surveillance, contributing to a refined understanding of T. gondii’s biology and broader implications for public health, including standardized virulence evaluation protocols and integrated veterinary and epidemiological strategies.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEMOGRAPHIC ATTRIBUTES, DIET KNOWLEDGE VERSUS RISK FACTORS OF POLYCYSTIC OVARIAN SYNDROME AMONG NURSING COLLEGE STUDENTS

Thikra Abdul Kadhim A — 2025-09-30

Objective: This study examines the relationships between demographic attributes, dietary knowledge, and PCOS risk factors among nursing college students to identify determinants that influence syndrome awareness and symptom recognition. Method: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 120 female nursing students using a structured questionnaire covering demographic characteristics, dietary knowledge related to PCOS, and self-reported risk factors. Results: Significant correlations were identified between age groups and specific risk factors, with younger students showing a higher prevalence of certain symptoms. Dietary knowledge levels varied considerably, with 47.5% demonstrating good understanding, while 50% showed moderate awareness. Strong associations emerged between family history, lifestyle factors, and symptom presentation. Novelty: Demographic characteristics and nutritional literacy significantly influence PCOS risk factor recognition among nursing students, highlighting the need for targeted educational interventions in healthcare curricula.

EARLY DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA OF RENAL INJURY AND COORDINATION OF TREATMENT IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC HEART FAILURE

Atakhodjayeva G. A. — 2025-09-15

Objective: This study aimed to examine the clinical, functional, echocardiographic, and biomarker characteristics of chronic heart failure (CHF) patients with and without renal dysfunction, given the frequent coexistence of both conditions and their complex management challenges. Method: A total of 129 CHF patients were evaluated and divided into two groups based on renal function. Clinical symptoms, six-minute walk test results, echocardiographic findings, and serum biomarker levels were compared. Results: Patients with renal dysfunction exhibited more severe symptoms, higher Clinical State Scale scores, shorter walking distances, and more advanced diastolic failure with greater ventricular remodeling. NT-proBNP, NGAL, KIM-1, and cystatin C levels were significantly elevated in the renal dysfunction group, whereas creatinine showed only minor increases. This discrepancy indicates the limited sensitivity of traditional renal markers in detecting early tubular injury. Novelty: The study highlights the diagnostic value of novel renal biomarkers in CHF patients, demonstrating their potential for early detection of subclinical kidney damage and improved risk stratification, ultimately contributing to timely interventions and better prognostic outcomes.

MOLECULAR DETECTION OF SARS-COV-2 BY REAL-TIME RT-PCR AND THE ASSOCIATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL MARKERS (IL-4 AND IL-6) WITH COVID-19 PATIENT GROUPS

Mustafa Raheem Tuamah — 2025-10-06

Objective: Coronaviruses (CoVs) refer to one of the RNA virus infections that can appear as diseases affecting humans. They're enveloped viruses with massive single-strand positive-sense RNA genomes that can infect humans, animals, birds, bats, mice, and a number of other wild creatures’ respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and central nervous systems. Method: Viral samples were collected from 90 patients through nasopharyngeal swabs. COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 serum patients’ cytokines were identified by ELISA, while SARS-CoV-2 IL-4 and IL-6 were recognized using the chemiluminescence method. Result: The S gene is generally present in the early stages of infection, with only a few extended periods of contamination, whereas the E gene appears in the later stages of disease—one to several weeks after the onset of infection—while the N gene appears to a lesser extent. With 90% amino acid homology and fewer modifications over time, the N gene is more regulated and stable. The (S and E gene) heterozygote shows a higher rate than the others. Novelty: This study highlights distinct gene expression patterns of SARS-CoV-2 during different stages of infection, revealing that the N gene exhibits greater stability and regulatory consistency, which could be significant for diagnostic and molecular surveillance applications.

THE USE OF EMPAGLYFLOSINE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC CARDIAC FAILURE AND DYSFUNCTION OF THE KIDNEYS

Khudoyberdiyeva G.A — 2025-10-10

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of empagliflozin on carbohydrate metabolism and lipid profile in patients with chronic heart failure and kidney dysfunction. Method: A total of 54 patients were enrolled and received empagliflozin therapy for six months. Clinical parameters, including fasting glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin levels, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), were measured before and after treatment to assess metabolic and renal outcomes. Results: The findings demonstrated significant reductions in glucose, HbA1c, insulin, total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides, alongside an increase in HDL levels, while GFR remained stable throughout the treatment period. These outcomes suggest favorable metabolic modulation without deterioration of renal function. Novelty: This study provides novel clinical evidence supporting the dual cardiometabolic benefits of empagliflozin in patients with concurrent heart failure and renal impairment, emphasizing its therapeutic potential beyond glycemic control in improving overall metabolic health and cardiovascular protection.