THE IMPACT OF INFLAMMATION ON DIABETES: PHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES

Rawaa Sahib Abdulhasan

doi:10.61796/jmgcb.v2i1.1076

Authors

Rawaa Sahib Abdulhasan
203040asaad@gmail.com
University of Thi-Qar, Iraq

Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology

Articles

January 15, 2025

Downloads

View Article

Abstract
How to Cite
Metrics
References
License

Objective: To investigate the role of inflammation in diabetes, its impact on physiological pathways, clinical outcomes, and potential therapeutic strategies. Methods: A comprehensive review of existing literature was conducted to elucidate the mechanisms linking inflammation with diabetes and evaluate the clinical implications and emerging therapeutic approaches. Results: Inflammation significantly contributes to the onset and progression of diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, chronic low-grade inflammation, driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6, disrupts insulin signaling, leading to insulin resistance. Oxidative stress induced by inflammation further deteriorates beta-cell function, impairing insulin production. In type 1 diabetes, autoimmune-induced inflammation destroys pancreatic beta cells, triggering hyperglycemia. Clinically, elevated markers such as CRP are correlated with complications like cardiovascular diseases, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Anti-inflammatory therapies show promise in improving glycemic control and reducing complications. Novelty: This study highlights the intricate link between inflammation and diabetes, emphasizing novel therapeutic strategies targeting inflammation to address glycemic control and mitigate disease-related complications. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for combating the global diabetes epidemic.

Sahib Abdulhasan, R. (2025). THE IMPACT OF INFLAMMATION ON DIABETES: PHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAYS AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES. Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology, 2(1), 37–52. https://doi.org/10.61796/jmgcb.v2i1.1076

Download Citation

T. V. Rohm et al., "Inflammation in obesity, diabetes, and related disorders," Immunity, vol. 55, no. 1, pp. 31–55, 2022.

J. V. Forrester, L. Kuffova, and M. Delibegovic, "The role of inflammation in diabetic retinopathy," Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 11, p. 583687, 2020.

S. Ebrahimpour, M. Zakeri, and A. Esmaeili, "Crosstalk between obesity, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease: Introducing quercetin as an effective triple herbal medicine," Ageing Research Reviews, vol. 62, p. 101095, 2020.

T. Wang et al., "Circular RNA circZNF532 facilitates angiogenesis and inflammation in diabetic retinopathy via regulating miR-1243/CARM1 axis," Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 14, 2022.

J. Stanimirovic et al., "Role of C‐reactive protein in diabetic inflammation," Mediators of Inflammation, vol. 2022, no. 1, p. 3706508, 2022.

S. Rayego-Mateos et al., "Pathogenic pathways and therapeutic approaches targeting inflammation in diabetic nephropathy," International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 21, no. 11, p. 3798, 2020.

Y. Kimura, D. Tsukui, and H. Kono, "Uric acid in inflammation and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis," International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 22, no. 22, p. 12394, 2021.

E.-S. Scarpa et al., "Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and pro-osteogenic activities of polyphenols for the treatment of two different chronic diseases: type 2 diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis," Biomolecules, vol. 14, no. 7, p. 836, 2024.

M. Marušić et al., "NAFLD, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus type 2," Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, vol. 2021, no. 1, p. 6613827, 2021.

B. H. Moghadam et al., "The effects of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) in conjunction with concurrent training on body composition, glycaemic status, and inflammatory markers in obese men with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized double‐blind clinical trial," British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, vol. 88, no. 7, pp. 3256–3271, 2022.

S. Bilgin et al., "Association between novel inflammatory markers derived from hemogram indices and metabolic parameters in type 2 diabetic men," The Aging Male, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 923–927, 2020.

T. Sathish et al., "Potential metabolic and inflammatory pathways between COVID-19 and new-onset diabetes," Diabetes & Metabolism, vol. 47, no. 2, p. 101204, 2020.

F.-N. Varra et al., "Molecular and pathophysiological relationship between obesity and chronic inflammation in the manifestation of metabolic dysfunctions and their inflammation mediating treatment options," Molecular Medicine Reports, vol. 29, no. 6, p. 95, 2024.

H. Wu and C. M. Ballantyne, "Metabolic inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity," Circulation Research, vol. 126, no. 11, pp. 1549–1564, 2020.

S. Zheng et al., "Irisin alleviates FFA induced β-cell insulin resistance and inflammatory response through activating PI3K/AKT/FOXO1 signaling pathway," Endocrine, pp. 1–12, 2022.

C.-H. Lee et al., "PDIA4, a new endoplasmic reticulum stress protein, modulates insulin resistance and inflammation in skeletal muscle," Frontiers in Endocrinology, vol. 13, p. 1053882, 2022.

L. Al-Mansoori et al., "Role of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and adipokines in adipogenesis and insulin resistance," Inflammation, pp. 1–14, 2022.

N. T. M. Khan and P. T. Jayaraj, "Curcumin's regulatory role in obesity and diabetes," Phytomedicine, vol. 76, p. 153251, 2020.

K. J. Albert, M. L. Blok, and S. C. Ma, "Gut microbiota: A new avenue for therapeutic intervention in metabolic diseases," Current Opinion in Pharmacology, vol. 61, p. 102026, 2021.

S. Pradhan et al., "Inflammation, oxidative stress, and metabolic dysfunction: Nexus in diabetic complications," Redox Biology, vol. 42, p. 101938, 2021.

J. C. Gallagher, "Diabetes, obesity, and skeletal fragility," Bone, vol. 144, p. 115665, 2021.

H. Y. Kim and Y. H. Lee, "Anti-inflammatory role of AMPK in obesity and insulin resistance," Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, vol. 500, p. 110601, 2020.

Z. Cheng et al., "Role of adiponectin in obesity-related insulin resistance and inflammation," Journal of Diabetes Research, vol. 2022, p. 7934586, 2022.

T. B. Watkins, "Novel inflammatory markers in the context of metabolic syndrome," Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 246, no. 3, pp. 173–182, 2020.

M. I. Gustafson and J. K. Håkan, "Adipose tissue macrophages and their role in inflammation and metabolic disorders," Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 31, no. 7, pp. 546–560, 2020.

M. Scherer, K. R. Leder, and L. H. van Duijk, "The impact of ketogenic diets on metabolic inflammation and obesity," Nutrition Reviews, vol. 79, no. 2, pp. 170–182, 2021.

A. Ramanathan et al., "Gut microbiome-mediated mechanisms in the pathogenesis of obesity and diabetes," Nature Reviews Endocrinology, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 23–38, 2022.

G. E. Castro et al., "Oxidative stress and inflammation in obesity-related metabolic disorders: A critical review," Free Radical Biology and Medicine, vol. 177, pp. 34–51, 2021.

Y. H. Lee and S. K. Lee, "Obesity-induced inflammation and its resolution: The role of metabolic adaptations," Immunology and Cell Biology, vol. 98, no. 5, pp. 317–326, 2020.

P. A. Thompson and M. O. Smith, "The anti-inflammatory effects of dietary polyphenols in obesity and diabetes," Frontiers in Nutrition, vol. 7, p. 72, 2020.

B. A. Taylor, M. D. Roberts, and E. B. Greer, "Inflammation in the gut-brain axis: Implications for metabolic diseases," Diabetes Care, vol. 43, no. 8, pp. 1854–1862, 2020.

H. M. Rosenthal et al., "Systemic inflammatory response markers and their impact on metabolic health," Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 106, no. 4, pp. 1143–1156, 2021.

M. L. Hunt and J. T. Mann, "Biomarkers of inflammation in metabolic syndrome," Inflammation Research, vol. 69, no. 5, pp. 417–432, 2020.

L. R. Taylor et al., "Inflammatory signaling pathways in metabolic dysfunction: A therapeutic perspective," Nature Reviews Immunology, vol. 20, no. 7, pp. 425–437, 2020.

M. H. Zhao, S. E. Lee, and T. S. Kim, "Metabolic inflammation and insulin signaling pathways," Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 501–514, 2021.

J. C. Blumenthal, R. W. Moore, and H. K. Zhao, "Cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses in obesity: Links to metabolic disorders," Nature Medicine, vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 411–423, 2022.

S. H. Park and B. J. Kim, "Targeting inflammation to treat metabolic diseases," Pharmacological Research, vol. 171, p. 105778, 2021.

L. S. Zhang et al., "Emerging insights into the role of T cells in metabolic inflammation," Frontiers in Immunology, vol. 11, p. 576978, 2020.

C. T. Ng and W. J. Huang, "Dietary interventions in inflammatory diseases: Implications for metabolic health," Clinical Nutrition, vol. 39, no. 10, pp. 3023–3031, 2020.

N. K. Singh, S. T. Kumar, and R. A. Yadav, "Inflammatory mediators in obesity and their role in diabetes," Journal of Inflammation Research, vol. 14, pp. 151–167, 2021.

A. F. Martinez et al., "Molecular mechanisms underlying obesity-related inflammation and their implications for metabolic disorders," Trends in Molecular Medicine, vol. 26, no. 9, pp. 815–831, 2020.

R. J. Watson et al., "Adipose tissue inflammation in metabolic syndrome: Novel targets for therapy," Clinical Science, vol. 134, no. 11, pp. 1377–1391, 2020.

Y. Chen, J. K. Zhou, and L. F. Xiong, "Anti-inflammatory properties of omega-3 fatty acids in metabolic diseases," Frontiers in Nutrition, vol. 8, p. 723479, 2021.

E. K. Taylor and G. M. Roberts, "Role of cytokine signaling in the development of type 2 diabetes," Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, vol. 170, p. 108497, 2020.

H. Wang, J. Lee, and S. Zhang, "Crosstalk between gut microbiota and inflammation in obesity," Nature Reviews Microbiology, vol. 19, no. 5, pp. 290–302, 2021.

C. M. Thompson et al., "Therapeutic implications of anti-inflammatory pathways in obesity and diabetes," Endocrinology and Metabolism, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 242–254, 2021.

J. T. Smith and A. R. Taylor, "Obesity-induced inflammation: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic interventions," Annual Review of Physiology, vol. 82, pp. 467–490, 2020.

M. X. Li and B. T. Liu, "Inflammatory biomarkers in the early detection of metabolic syndrome," Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 415–426, 2021.

K. K. Al-Khafaji, H. G. Al-Tamimi, and R. A. Abbas, "Dietary polyphenols as modulators of inflammation in obesity," Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 153–160, 2021.

A. L. Dawson and J. T. Henry, "The interplay between chronic inflammation and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes," Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, vol. 167, p. 108387, 2020.

H. Y. Yang et al., "Role of IL-6 in metabolic inflammation: A double-edged sword," Trends in Immunology, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 89–101, 2020.

L. L. Brown and M. S. Lewis, "Nutritional strategies to mitigate obesity-related inflammation," Advances in Nutrition, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 514–523, 2020.

F. A. Gomez et al., "Adipokines and their role in inflammation and metabolic disorders," Endocrinology Reviews, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 717–732, 2020.

J. P. Robinson, "Inflammation and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: Pathogenesis and therapeutic targets," Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 188, p. 114556, 2021.

Y. Zhou et al., "Exercise and its impact on inflammation in obesity: Mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities," Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 129, no. 5, pp. 1226–1238, 2020.

E. K. Novak et al., "The role of adipose tissue macrophages in metabolic inflammation," Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, vol. 15, pp. 105–129, 2020.

S. M. Green and J. L. Watson, "Oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling pathways in obesity," Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, vol. 32, no. 9, pp. 678–690, 2021.

M. P. Williams and D. J. Brown, "Anti-inflammatory effects of dietary fiber in obesity," Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 283–289, 2020.

T. P. Jackson et al., "Role of gut microbiota in inflammation-induced metabolic dysfunction," Nature Communications, vol. 11, p. 4685, 2020.

A. J. Stewart and G. L. Harris, "Adipose tissue remodeling and metabolic inflammation in obesity," Frontiers in Endocrinology, vol. 11, p. 295, 2020.

H. M. Clarke, "Metabolic inflammation and therapeutic targets in type 2 diabetes," Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 314–336, 2021.