TYPES OF EXTRACELLULAR ENZYMES SECRETED BY FUNGI
Downloads
Objective: This study aims to review the diversity and significance of extracellular enzymes secreted by fungi, with a focus on their ecological functions and industrial applications. Method: A literature-based analysis was conducted, summarizing the main categories of fungal enzymes, including cellulases, ligninases, proteases, lipases, and pectinases, as well as their associated roles in both natural and applied contexts. Results: The findings highlight that fungal extracellular enzymes play essential roles in breaking down complex organic materials, thereby facilitating nutrient cycling, decomposition, and ecosystem balance. Industrially, these enzymes are widely applied in biofuel production, bioremediation, food processing, pharmaceuticals, and textiles, demonstrating their versatility and economic value. Novelty: This review integrates ecological and industrial perspectives, emphasizing the dual importance of fungal enzymes as natural mediators of biodegradation and as key biocatalysts driving sustainable innovations in biotechnology and environmental management.
M. P. Coughlan, “Cellulose Degradation by Fungi,” in Microbial Enzymes and Biotechnology, Springer Netherlands, 1990, pp. 1–36. doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-0765-2_1.
W. Shi, “Agricultural and Ecological Significance of Soil Enzymes: Soil Carbon Sequestration and Nutrient Cycling,” in Soil Enzymology, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010, pp. 43–60. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-14225-3_3.
N. Srivastava, P. K. Mishra, and S. N. Upadhyay, “Significance of lignocellulosic biomass waste in the biofuel production process,” in Industrial Enzymes for Biofuels Production, Elsevier, 2020, pp. 1–18. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-821010-9.00001-2.
N. Wani, F. Shezad, F. A. Ahanger, S. M. Malik, S. Sahay, and K. Jain, “Cold-Active Pectinases and their Commercial Applications A Review,” International Journal of Scientific Research in Biological Sciences, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 125–133, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.26438/ijsrbs/v5i4.125133.
C. S. Farinas and F. M. da Cunha, “Fungal Enzymes and Their Role in Bioenergy,” in Fungal Applications in Sustainable Environmental Biotechnology, Springer International Publishing, 2016, pp. 307–320. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-42852-9_12.
Y. Jiang et al., “Lignocellulase Formation, Regulation, and Secretion Mechanisms in Hypocrea jecorina (Trichoderma reesei) and Other Filamentous Fungi,” in Fungal Cellulolytic Enzymes, Springer Singapore, 2018, pp. 43–59. doi: 10.1007/978-981-13-0749-2_3.
A. Mobasheri, “Faculty Opinions recommendation of Estrogen-related receptor γ causes osteoarthritis by upregulating extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes.,” Dec. 2017, H1 Connect. doi: 10.3410/f.732320643.793540739.
S. Lamare, “Engineering of/with Lipases,” in Engineering of/with Lipases, Springer Netherlands, 1996, pp. 357–390. doi: 10.1007/978-94-009-1671-5_23.
S. R. Stefanov and V. Y. Andonova, “Lipid Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery Systems: Recent Advances in the Treatment of Skin Disorders,” Pharmaceuticals, vol. 14, no. 11, p. 1083, Oct. 2021, doi: 10.3390/ph14111083.
M. Rättö and L. Viikari, “Pectinases in wood debarking,” in Pectins and Pectinases, Proceedings of an International Symposium, Elsevier, 1996, pp. 979–982. doi: 10.1016/s0921-0423(96)80342-x.
S. X. Xu et al., “An acidic pectin lyase from Aspergillus niger with favourable efficiency in fruit juice clarification,” Lett Appl Microbiol, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 181–187, Dec. 2014, doi: 10.1111/lam.12357.
K. S. Pawar, P. N. Singh, and S. K. Singh, “Fungal alkaline proteases and their potential applications in different industries,” Front Microbiol, vol. 14, Mar. 2023, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1138401.
A. Illanes, F. Guzmán, and S. Barberis, “Proteases as Powerful Catalysts for Organic Synthesis,” Sep. 2009, Wiley. doi: 10.1002/9783527631780.ch8.
Z. Nabi, S. Kaur, J. Manzoor, K. A. Wani, and J. A. Malik, “Degradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Phanerochaete Chrysosporium,” in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation Technologies in Sustainable Soil Management, Apple Academic Press, 2022, pp. 271–285. doi: 10.1201/9781003281207-12.
T. T. Lai, T. T. H. Pham, K. Adjallé, D. Montplaisir, F. Brouillette, and S. Barnabé, “Production of Trichoderma Reesei RUT C-30 Lignocellulolytic Enzymes Using Paper Sludge as Fermentation Substrate: An Approach for On-Site Manufacturing of Enzymes for Biorefineries,” Waste Biomass Valorization, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 1081–1088, Sep. 2016, doi: 10.1007/s12649-016-9686-y.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sanaa Qasem Badr
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
