THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROWTH FACTORS VEGF, PDGF AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN DIABETIC ULCERS

Hind AL-Hammami; Anfal Abdulhussain Jawad; Dhuha Abdullah Kadhim

doi:10.61796/jmgcb.v3i4.1698

Authors

Hind AL-Hammami
hind.f.al.hammami@jmu.edu.iq
Faculty of Medical Sciences, Jabir Ibn Hayyan University for Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Najaf, Iraq
Anfal Abdulhussain Jawad Faculty of Medicine, Jabir Ibn Hayyan University for Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Najaf, Iraq
Dhuha Abdullah Kadhim Faculty of Medicine, Jabir Ibn Hayyan University for Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Najaf, Iraq

Vol. 3 No. 4 (2026): Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology

Articles

March 7, 2026

Downloads

VIEW ARTICLE

Abstract
How to Cite
Metrics
References
License

Objective: The currenThe goal of research is to to test the blood levels in the peripheral areas of TNF-a, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), in addition vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and examine their connection to the duration and severity of the infection, thus providing diagnostic proof for the prompt detection and management of diabetic patients. Method: Patients 50 involve men (n=25) and women (n=25) of both sexes, ages 31 to 71, with type 2 diabetes mellitus were included in this study. To act as controls, a cohort of 50 healthy persons involve men (n=25) and wemen (n=25) were matched by sex and age was chosen from the same population. Both patients and controls had around 3 milliliters of venous blood drawn. To separate the serum for the ELISA. Results: The results revealed the serum concentrations of TNF-α, was (49.85 ± 7.06) in infection group at p<0.05, while mean of TNF-α was (28.68 ± 6.44) in the non-infection group. The results show there were significantly higher in patients with Diabetic Ulcers contrasted to the non-infected team, at p<0.05. The serum levels of PDGF and VEGF in patients were (60.81 ± 6.82) and (9.81 ± 3.68) respectively showed significantly higher in patients compared to the non-infection group, at (P<0.05). Novelty: The concentration of these factors may serve as potential therapeutic targets and biomarkers for monitoring the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers.

AL-Hammami, H., Jawad, A. A., & Kadhim, D. A. (2026). THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GROWTH FACTORS VEGF, PDGF AND PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES IN DIABETIC ULCERS. Journal of Medical Genetics and Clinical Biology, 3(4), 77–82. https://doi.org/10.61796/jmgcb.v3i4.1698

Download Citation

R. Ruze, J. Song, X. Yin, Y. Chen, R. Xu, C. Wang, et al., “Mechanisms of obesity- and diabetes mellitus-related pancreatic carcinogenesis: A comprehensive and systematic review,” Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy, vol. 8, no. 1, p. 139, 2023, doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01376-w.

E. Ugwu, O. Adeleye, I. Gezawa, I. Okpe, M. Enamino, and I. Ezeani, “Predictors of lower extremity amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcer: Findings from MEDFUN, a multi-center observational study,” Journal of Foot and Ankle Research, vol. 12, p. 34, 2019, doi: 10.1186/s13047-019-0345-y.

R. Chakraborty, P. Borah, P. P. Dutta, and S. Sen, “Evolving spectrum of diabetic wound: Mechanistic insights and therapeutic targets,” World Journal of Diabetes, vol. 13, no. 9, p. 696, 2022, doi: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i9.696.

N. Ferrara, H. Gerber, and J. LeCourter, “The biology of VEGF and its receptors,” Nature Medicine, vol. 9, pp. 669–676, 2003, doi: 10.1038/nm0603-669.

H. F. Dvorak, “Reconciling VEGF with VPF: The importance of increased vascular permeability for stroma formation in tumors, healing wounds, and chronic inflammation,” Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 2021, doi: 10.3389/fcell.2021.660609.

P. Bao, A. Kodra, M. Tomic-Canic, M. S. Golinko, H. P. Ehrlich, and H. Brem, “The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in wound healing,” Journal of Surgical Research, vol. 153, no. 2, pp. 347–358, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.04.023.

M. Zubair and J. Ahmad, “Role of growth factors and cytokines in diabetic foot ulcer healing: A detailed review,” Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, vol. 20, pp. 207–217, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s11154-019-09492-1.

J. E. Peterson, D. Zurakowski, J. E. Italiano, L. V. Michel, S. Connors, M. Oenick, et al., “VEGF, PF4 and PDGF are elevated in platelets of colorectal cancer patients,” Angiogenesis, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 265–273, 2012, doi: 10.1007/s10456-012-9259-z.

M. Akdis, A. Aab, C. Altunbulakli, K. Azkur, R. A. Costa, R. Crameri, et al., “Interleukins (from IL-1 to IL-38), interferons, transforming growth factor β, and TNF-α: Receptors, functions, and roles in diseases,” Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 138, no. 4, pp. 984–1010, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.033.

Y. H. Yen, C. M. Pu, C. W. Liu, Y. C. Chen, Y. C. Chen, C. J. Liang, et al., “Curcumin accelerates cutaneous wound healing via multiple biological actions: The involvement of TNF-α, MMP-9, α-SMA, and collagen,” International Wound Journal, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 605–617, 2018, doi: 10.1111/iwj.12904.

M. R. Farahpour and H. Hamishehkar, “Effectiveness of topical caraway essential oil loaded into nanostructured lipid carrier as a promising platform for the treatment of infected wounds,” Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol. 610, p. 125748, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125748.

K. V. Kiburg, A. Galligan, V. Sundararajan, and R. J. MacIsaac, “Temporal trends in non-traumatic lower extremity amputations (LEAs) and their association with 12-month mortality in people with diabetes, 2004–2016,” Journal of Diabetes and its Complications, vol. 36, no. 7, p. 108221, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2022.108221.

H. J. Chung, D. I. Chun, E. M. Kang, et al., “Trend and seasonality of diabetic foot amputation in South Korea: A population-based nationwide study,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, vol. 19, no. 7, p. 4111, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ijerph19074111.

B. Behm, P. Babilas, M. Landthaler, and S. Schreml, “Cytokines, chemokines and growth factors in wound healing,” Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, vol. 26, no. 7, pp. 812–820, 2012.

Y. Wang, T. Shao, J. Wang, X. Huang, X. Deng, Y. Cao, et al., “An update on potential biomarkers for diagnosing diabetic foot ulcer at early stage,” Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, vol. 133, p. 110991, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.

J. E. Peterson, D. Zurakowski, J. E. Italiano, L. V. Michel, S. Connors, M. Oenick, et al., “VEGF, PF4 and PDGF are elevated in platelets of colorectal cancer patients,” Angiogenesis, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 265–273, 2012, doi: 10.1007/s10456-012-9259.

K. Hu and B. R. Olsen, “The roles of vascular endothelial growth factor in bone repair and regeneration,” Bone, vol. 91, pp. 30–38, 2016, doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.06.013.

P. Bao, A. Kodra, M. Tomic-Canic, M. S. Golinko, H. P. Ehrlich, and H. Brem, “The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in wound healing,” Journal of Surgical Research, vol. 153, no. 2, pp. 347–358, 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.04.023.

S. Syafril, “Pathophysiology diabetic foot ulcer,” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, vol. 125, p. 012161, 2018, doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/125/1/012161.