APPLICATION OF GC–MS TECHNIQUE FOR THE DETECTION OF SECONDARY METABOLITES OF PENICILLIUM CITRINUM
Downloads
Objective: The effect of culture conditions on the production of secondary metabolites by Penicillium citrinum was studied via Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The culture filtrate of the fungus was obtained from two different media, Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) and Yeast Extract, grown at two temperatures (25°C and 28°C), to assess the effect of culture conditions on the production of metabolites. Methods: The culture filtrate of the fungus was obtained from two different media, Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB) and Yeast Extract, grown at two temperatures (25°C and 28°C), to assess the effect of culture conditions on the production of metabolites. Results: The GC–MS results showed differences in the qualitative and quantitative composition of metabolites produced under various conditions. Cultivation in PDB at 28°C led to a wide variety of compounds, with prominent metabolites being derivatives of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid and dimethyl phthalate. However, growth at 25°C resulted in the dominance of a smaller number of compounds, such as cyclohexasiloxane derivatives. Cultivation in yeast extract medium at 25°C improved the metabolic diversity, while higher temperatures (28°C) decreased diversity but increased the amount of dominant metabolites. Novelty: These findings suggest that P. citrinum's metabolic pathways are significantly affected by external conditions like temperature and nutritional conditions. Our results align with the OSMAC (One Strain - Many Compounds) principle, which shows that a single fungus can yield many different metabolites under different conditions. The detection of phenolic and phthalate compounds indicates potential antimicrobial activity, suggesting P. citrinum has significant potential as a source of bioactive metabolites for drug discovery.
Visagie, C.M., Houbraken, J., Frisvad, J.C., Hong, S.-B., Klaassen, C.H.W., Perrone, G., Seifert, K.A., Varga, J., Yaguchi, T. and Samson, R.A., 2014. Identification and nomenclature of the genus Penicillium.
Nguyen, M.A., Vu, T.T.H., Vu, T.Q., Phi, T.D., Do, T.Q., Doan, T.M.H., Pham, V.C., Ton That, H.D. and Le, T.H.M., 2023. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic secondary metabolites from a marine-derived fungus Penicillium citrinum VM6.
Zhang, Y., Xie, C.-L., Wang, Y., He, X.-W. et al., 2023. Penidihydrocitrinins A–C: New polyketides from the deep-sea-derived Penicillium citrinum W17 and their anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporotic bioactivities.
Xu, K., Li, X.-Q., Zhao, D.-L. and Zhang, P., 2021. Antifungal secondary metabolites produced by the fungal endophytes: Chemical diversity and potential use in the development of biopesticides.
Zhang, Y., Xie, C.L., Wang, Y., et al. (2023 ) New polyketides from Penicillium citrinum and their biological activities.
Bills, G.F. and Gloer, J.B. (2016) Biologically active secondary metabolites from fungi.
Harris, D.C., 2020. Quantitative Chemical Analysis. 10th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
Putri, S.P. (ed.), 2026. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: Based Metabolomics in Food Science. New York: Humana Press.
Gross, J.H. (2017) Mass Spectrometry: A Textbook. 3rd edn. Springer.
Sparkman, O.D., Penton, Z.E. and Kitson, F.G. (2019) Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry: A Practical Guide. 2nd edn. Academic Press.
Niessen, W.M.A. (2017) Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. 3rd edn. CRC Press.
Skoog, D.A., Holler, F.J. and Crouch, S.R. (2021) Principles of Instrumental Analysis. 7th edn. Cengage Learning.
Asnaashari, M., Ghanbary, M.A.T. and Tazick, Z., 2012. Optimization of penicillin G production by Penicillium chrysogenum.
Kalai, S., Bensoussan, M. and Dantigny, P. (2014). Lag time for germination of Penicillium chrysogenum conidia is induced by temperature shifts.
Keller, N.P., 2019. Fungal secondary metabolism: regulation, function and drug discovery. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 17(3), pp.167–180.
Macheleidt, J. et al., 2016. Regulation and role of fungal secondary metabolites. Annual Review of Genetics, 50, pp.371–392.
Bills, G.F. and Gloer, J.B., 2016. Biologically active secondary metabolites from fungi. Microbiology Spectrum, 4(6), pp.1–32.
Hyde, K.D. et al., 2019. The amazing potential of fungi: 50 ways we can exploit fungi industrially. Fungal Diversity, 97, pp.1–136.
Alvin, A., Miller, K.I. and Neilan, B.A., 2014. Exploring the potential of endophytic fungi for the discovery of bioactive compounds. Microbiological Research, 169(7–8), pp.483–495.
Alwakeel, S., Alothman, N., Ameen, F., Alotaibi, M. and Mohammed, A.E., 2024. Stress-driven metabolites of desert soil fungi. Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering Reviews, 40(1), pp.140–153.
Copyright (c) 2026 Noor Al-sabah Hassan Al-mimar, Walaa Yas Lahmood
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
