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Abstract
The current study aimed to reveal the cytogenetic effects of Methandienone in white mice Mus Musculus, which is widely used in gyms, by studying some blood images through tests by choosing a third of the dose (0.8) mg/kg of the body weight of the laboratory mouse. The results showed that the increase in the drug has the ability to produce _____ white blood cells and ___ red blood cells at an equal rate. In conclusion, the results of this study show that the drug has mutagenic effects.
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References
- . A. T. Kicman, “Pharmacology of Anabolic Steroids,” Br. J. Pharmacol., vol. 154, no. 3, pp. 502–521, Mar. 2008, doi: 10.1038/bjp.2008.165.
- . M. Powers, Performance-Enhancing Drugs, 2nd ed. In: J. Houglum and G. L. Harrelson, Eds., Principles of Pharmacology for Athletic Trainers. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated, 2011, p. 345.
- . E. L. Barrett-Connor, “Testosterone and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Men,” Diabetes Metab., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 156–161, May 1995.
- . Y. Yamamoto, R. Moore, H. A. Hess, G. L. Guo, F. J. Gonzalez, K. S. Korach, R. R. Maronpot, and M. Negishi, “Estrogen Receptor Alpha Mediates 17alpha-Ethynylestradiol Causing Hepatotoxicity,” J. Biol. Chem., vol. 281, no. 24, pp. 16625–16631, Jun. 2006, doi: 10.1074/jbc.M602723200.
- . B. De Piccoli, F. Giada, A. Benettin, F. Sartori, and E. Piccolo, “Anabolic Steroid Use in Body Builders: An Echocardiographic Study of Left Ventricle Morphology and Function,” Int. J. Sports Med., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 408–412, Aug. 1991, doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024703.
- . R. Tricker, R. Casaburi, T. W. Storer, B. Clevenger, N. Berman, A. Shirazi, and S. Bhasin, “The Effects of Supraphysiological Doses of Testosterone on Angry Behavior in Healthy Eugonadal Men—A Clinical Research Center Study,” J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., vol. 81, no. 10, pp. 3754–3758, Oct. 1996, doi: 10.1210/jcem.81.10.8855834.
- . T. A. Pagonis, N. V. Angelopoulos, G. N. Koukoulis, C. S. Hadjichristodoulou, and P. N. Toli, “Psychiatric and Hostility Factors Related to Use of Anabolic Steroids in Monozygotic Twins,” Eur. Psychiatry, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 563–569, Dec. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.11.002.
- . P. J. Perry, E. C. Kutscher, B. C. Lund, W. R. Yates, T. L. Holman, and L. Demers, “Measures of Aggression and Mood Changes in Male Weightlifters with and Without Androgenic Anabolic Steroid Use,” J. Forensic Sci., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 646–651, May 2003, doi: 10.1520/JFS2002434.
- . “Teens & Steroids: A Dangerous Mix,” CBS Broadcasting Inc., Jun. 3, 2004. Archived from the original on Jul. 10, 2007. [Online]. Available: https://www.cbsnews.com. [Accessed: Jun. 27, 2007].
- . L. Uzych, “Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids and Psychiatric-Related Effects: A Review,” Can. J. Psychiatry, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 23–28, Feb. 1992, doi: 10.1177/070674379203700109.
- . D. Rosen, Dope: A History of Performance Enhancement in Sports from the Nineteenth Century to Today. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008.
- . D. Nutt, L. A. King, W. Saulsbury, and C. Blakemore, “Development of a Rational Scale to Assess the Harm of Drugs of Potential Misuse,” Lancet, vol. 369, no. 9566, pp. 1047–1053, Mar. 2007, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4.
- . G. Kanayama, J. I. Hudson, and H. G. Pope, “Long-Term Psychiatric and Medical Consequences of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse: A Looming Public Health Concern?,” Drug Alcohol Depend., vol. 98, no. 1–2, pp. 1–12, Nov. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.05.004.
- . B. De Piccoli, F. Giada, A. Benettin, F. Sartori, and E. Piccolo, “Anabolic Steroid Use in Body Builders: An Echocardiographic Study of Left Ventricle Morphology and Function,” Int. J. Sports Med., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 408–412, Aug. 1991, doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024703.
- . H. G. Pope, R. I. Wood, A. Rogol, F. Nyberg, L. Bowers, and S. Bhasin, “Adverse Health Consequences of Performance-Enhancing Drugs: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement,” Endocr. Rev., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 341–375, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1210/er.2013-1058.
- . A. G. Fragkaki, Y. S. Angelis, M. Koupparis, A. Tsantili-Kakoulidou, G. Kokotos, and C. Georgakopoulos, “Structural Characteristics of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Contributing to Binding to the Androgen Receptor and to Their Anabolic and Androgenic Activities. Applied Modifications in the Steroidal Structure,” Steroids, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 172–197, Feb. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.10.016.
- . B. C. Mangus and M. G. Miller, Pharmacology Application in Athletic Training. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis, 2005, p. 151.
- . M. C. Perry, D. C. Doll, and C. E. Freter, Perry’s The Chemotherapy Source Book, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012, p. 409.
- . A. M. Matsumoto, “Effects of Chronic Testosterone Administration in Normal Men: Safety and Efficacy of High Dosage Testosterone and Parallel Dose-Dependent Suppression of Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, and Sperm Production,” J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 282–287, Jan. 1990, doi: 10.1210/jcem-70-1-282.
- . A. Aribarg, N. Sukcharoen, Y. Chanprasit, J. Ngeamvijawat, and R. Kriangsinyos, “Suppression of Spermatogenesis by Testosterone Enanthate in Thai Men,” J. Med. Assoc. Thailand, vol. 79, no. 10, pp. 624–629, Oct. 1996, doi: 10.1016/j.jma.1996.10.010.
References
. A. T. Kicman, “Pharmacology of Anabolic Steroids,” Br. J. Pharmacol., vol. 154, no. 3, pp. 502–521, Mar. 2008, doi: 10.1038/bjp.2008.165.
. M. Powers, Performance-Enhancing Drugs, 2nd ed. In: J. Houglum and G. L. Harrelson, Eds., Principles of Pharmacology for Athletic Trainers. Thorofare, NJ: SLACK Incorporated, 2011, p. 345.
. E. L. Barrett-Connor, “Testosterone and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Men,” Diabetes Metab., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 156–161, May 1995.
. Y. Yamamoto, R. Moore, H. A. Hess, G. L. Guo, F. J. Gonzalez, K. S. Korach, R. R. Maronpot, and M. Negishi, “Estrogen Receptor Alpha Mediates 17alpha-Ethynylestradiol Causing Hepatotoxicity,” J. Biol. Chem., vol. 281, no. 24, pp. 16625–16631, Jun. 2006, doi: 10.1074/jbc.M602723200.
. B. De Piccoli, F. Giada, A. Benettin, F. Sartori, and E. Piccolo, “Anabolic Steroid Use in Body Builders: An Echocardiographic Study of Left Ventricle Morphology and Function,” Int. J. Sports Med., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 408–412, Aug. 1991, doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024703.
. R. Tricker, R. Casaburi, T. W. Storer, B. Clevenger, N. Berman, A. Shirazi, and S. Bhasin, “The Effects of Supraphysiological Doses of Testosterone on Angry Behavior in Healthy Eugonadal Men—A Clinical Research Center Study,” J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., vol. 81, no. 10, pp. 3754–3758, Oct. 1996, doi: 10.1210/jcem.81.10.8855834.
. T. A. Pagonis, N. V. Angelopoulos, G. N. Koukoulis, C. S. Hadjichristodoulou, and P. N. Toli, “Psychiatric and Hostility Factors Related to Use of Anabolic Steroids in Monozygotic Twins,” Eur. Psychiatry, vol. 21, no. 8, pp. 563–569, Dec. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.11.002.
. P. J. Perry, E. C. Kutscher, B. C. Lund, W. R. Yates, T. L. Holman, and L. Demers, “Measures of Aggression and Mood Changes in Male Weightlifters with and Without Androgenic Anabolic Steroid Use,” J. Forensic Sci., vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 646–651, May 2003, doi: 10.1520/JFS2002434.
. “Teens & Steroids: A Dangerous Mix,” CBS Broadcasting Inc., Jun. 3, 2004. Archived from the original on Jul. 10, 2007. [Online]. Available: https://www.cbsnews.com. [Accessed: Jun. 27, 2007].
. L. Uzych, “Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids and Psychiatric-Related Effects: A Review,” Can. J. Psychiatry, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 23–28, Feb. 1992, doi: 10.1177/070674379203700109.
. D. Rosen, Dope: A History of Performance Enhancement in Sports from the Nineteenth Century to Today. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2008.
. D. Nutt, L. A. King, W. Saulsbury, and C. Blakemore, “Development of a Rational Scale to Assess the Harm of Drugs of Potential Misuse,” Lancet, vol. 369, no. 9566, pp. 1047–1053, Mar. 2007, doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60464-4.
. G. Kanayama, J. I. Hudson, and H. G. Pope, “Long-Term Psychiatric and Medical Consequences of Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse: A Looming Public Health Concern?,” Drug Alcohol Depend., vol. 98, no. 1–2, pp. 1–12, Nov. 2008, doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.05.004.
. B. De Piccoli, F. Giada, A. Benettin, F. Sartori, and E. Piccolo, “Anabolic Steroid Use in Body Builders: An Echocardiographic Study of Left Ventricle Morphology and Function,” Int. J. Sports Med., vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 408–412, Aug. 1991, doi: 10.1055/s-2007-1024703.
. H. G. Pope, R. I. Wood, A. Rogol, F. Nyberg, L. Bowers, and S. Bhasin, “Adverse Health Consequences of Performance-Enhancing Drugs: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement,” Endocr. Rev., vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 341–375, Jun. 2014, doi: 10.1210/er.2013-1058.
. A. G. Fragkaki, Y. S. Angelis, M. Koupparis, A. Tsantili-Kakoulidou, G. Kokotos, and C. Georgakopoulos, “Structural Characteristics of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids Contributing to Binding to the Androgen Receptor and to Their Anabolic and Androgenic Activities. Applied Modifications in the Steroidal Structure,” Steroids, vol. 74, no. 2, pp. 172–197, Feb. 2009, doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2008.10.016.
. B. C. Mangus and M. G. Miller, Pharmacology Application in Athletic Training. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis, 2005, p. 151.
. M. C. Perry, D. C. Doll, and C. E. Freter, Perry’s The Chemotherapy Source Book, 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2012, p. 409.
. A. M. Matsumoto, “Effects of Chronic Testosterone Administration in Normal Men: Safety and Efficacy of High Dosage Testosterone and Parallel Dose-Dependent Suppression of Luteinizing Hormone, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, and Sperm Production,” J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., vol. 70, no. 1, pp. 282–287, Jan. 1990, doi: 10.1210/jcem-70-1-282.
. A. Aribarg, N. Sukcharoen, Y. Chanprasit, J. Ngeamvijawat, and R. Kriangsinyos, “Suppression of Spermatogenesis by Testosterone Enanthate in Thai Men,” J. Med. Assoc. Thailand, vol. 79, no. 10, pp. 624–629, Oct. 1996, doi: 10.1016/j.jma.1996.10.010.