WHAT IS THE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF BACTERIA, MICROBIAL TRANSMISSION, MECHANISMS OF DRUG RESISTANCE, AND ITS CONTROLS: A MINI REVIEW
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Objective: The overuse and misuse of antibiotics in humans and agriculture is the main causes of antibiotic resistance, which occurs when bacteria evolve to survive antibiotics, making infections more difficult to treat, sometimes impossible, and potentially deadly. Methods: This study utilizes a review and analysis of existing literature on antibiotic resistance, focusing on the mechanisms by which bacteria evolve to survive antibiotics. Key techniques include the examination of molecular biology studies to identify bacterial resistance mechanisms such as drug inactivation, target modification, and efflux pumps. Additionally, observational data on human activity, including antibiotic misuse in both clinical and agricultural settings, are assessed to understand their role in accelerating the development of resistance. Case studies of "superbugs" like MRSA are also reviewed to demonstrate the clinical consequences of antibiotic resistance. Results: As a result, bacteria develop mechanisms like drug inactivation, target modification, or expulsion via efflux pumps, creating "superbugs" like MRSA. Novelty: Human activity speeds up this natural evolutionary process, which poses a serious danger to world health and necessitates careful antibiotic management and cleanliness.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Salman Jasim Al-Mamoor, Saja Salem Abdul Hassan Rasan , Juman Oday Sabri, Halah Ali Abdulhussein Alsaleh, Lubna Abdulazeem
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