ALTERATIONS IN HEMATOLOGICAL INDICES IN ANTENATAL AND POSTNATAL MOTHERS WITHIN KERKUK PROVINCE, IRAQ
Downloads
Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine changes in hemoglobin, packed cell volume, white blood cells, and platelet counts in Iraqi women from Kirkuk Province during the prenatal and postnatal phases. Methods: During the course of a year, 600 women attended Azadi Hospital in Kirkuk, including 300 pregnant women in the third trimester and 300 postpartum women. An automated analyzer was used to collect and analyze blood samples, and the outcomes were contrasted with those of a control group of 60 university students who were not pregnant. Results Hematological parameters showed notable alterations. During pregnancy, hemoglobin and packed cell volume dropped, but after delivery, they rose (p < 0.022). During pregnancy, the white blood cell count was significantly greater (p < 0.001), and it continued to rise after delivery. There was no discernible change in the platelet count. Instead of clinical situations, these deviations were ascribed to normal physiological processes. Novelty: This study contributes to better health monitoring and risk assessment for maternal care by shedding light on the typical hematological alterations that occur in Iraqi women throughout pregnancy and the postpartum phase.
N. M. Abu-Ouf and M. M. Jan, "The impact of maternal iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia on child’s health," Saudi Medical Journal, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 146-149, 2015. doi: 10.15537/smj.2015.2.10289.
A. A. Bazzaz, S. A. Ahmad, T. N. Azghar, and N. A. Chelebi, "Incidence of Hepatitis-B within Kirkuk Province in Iraq: A biochemical study of some liver enzymes," Medicine and Clinical Science, vol. 5, no. 6, pp. 1-5, 2023.
A. A. Bazzaz, N. A. Chelebi, and A. M. Jumaa, "Distribution of blood groupings among a few nations: A comparative hematological study," submitted for publication, 2024.
M. Borhany, M. Abid, S. Zafar, U. Zaidi, S. Munzir, and T. Shamsi, "Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy: Identification and management at a reference center in Pakistan," Cureus, vol. 14, no. 3, e23490, 2022. doi: 10.7759/cureus.23490.
S. Dockree, B. Shine, S. Pavord, L. Impey, and M. Vatish, "White blood cells in pregnancy: Reference intervals for before and after delivery," EBioMedicine, vol. 74, 103715, 2021. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103715.
M. M. Elgari, O. F. Khabour, and S. M. Alhag, "Correlations between changes in hematological indices of mothers with preeclampsia and umbilical cord blood of newborns," Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 58-61, 2019. doi: 10.1080/10641963.2018.1441861.
R. Evans, "What to know about having a high white blood cell count during pregnancy," Medical News Today, 2023. [Online]. Available: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/pregnant-white-blood-cell-count-high.
K. A. Harrison, "Blood volume changes in normal pregnant Nigerian women," The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the British Commonwealth, vol. 73, no. 5, pp. 717-723, 1966.
T. H. Bothwell and R. W. Charlton, Iron Deficiency in Women, Washington, DC: International Nutrition Anemia Consultative Group, 1981. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK236491/.
P. C. Ichipi-Ifukor, J. Jacobs, R. N. Ichipi-Ifukor, and O. L. Ewrhe, "Changes in hematological indices in normal pregnancy," Physiology Journal, 2013, article ID 283814. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/283814.
T. R. James, H. L. Reid, and A. M. Mullings, "Are published standards for hematological indices in pregnancy applicable across populations: An evaluation in healthy pregnant Jamaican women," BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, vol. 8, article 8, 2008.
C. Kirkham and H. S. Grzybowski, "Evidence-based prenatal care: Part II. 3rd trimester care and prevention of infectious diseases," American Family Physician, vol. 71, no. 8, pp. 1555-1560, 2005.
M. G. Khoigani, S. Goli, and A. Hasan-Zadeh, "The relationship of hemoglobin and hematocrit in the first and second half of pregnancy with pregnancy outcome," Iranian Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Research, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. S165-S170, 2012.
P. Luppi, "How immune mechanisms are affected by pregnancy," Vaccine, vol. 21, no. 24, pp. 3352-3357, 2003.
National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (NCCWCH), Antenatal Care: Routine Care for the Healthy Pregnant Woman, London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 2008. [Online]. Available: https://www.rcog.org.uk.
T. T. Nhung, "Complete blood count (CBC) during pregnancy," Vinmec Healthcare System, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.vinmec.com/en/news/health-news/general-health-check/complete-blood-count-cbc-during-pregnancy/.
I. O. Osonuga, O. A. Osonuga, A. A. Onadeko, A. Osonuga, and A. A. Osonuga, "Hematological profile of pregnant women in Southwest of Nigeria," Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 232-234, 2011.
J. A. Reese, J. D. Peck, D. R. Deschamps, J. J. McIntosh, E. J. Knudston, D. R. Terrell, S. K. Vesely, and J. N. George, "Platelet counts during pregnancy," The New England Journal of Medicine, vol. 379, no. 1, pp. 32-43, 2018. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1802897.
D. H. Rushton, R. Dover, A. W. Sainsbury, M. J. Norris, J. J. H. Gilkes, and I. D. Ramsay, "Why should women have lower reference limits for hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations than men?" BMJ, vol. 322, no. 7298, pp. 1355-1357, 2001. doi: 10.1136/bmj.322.7298.1355.
S. K. Sah, D. R. Sunuwar, R. J. Baral, D. R. Singh, N. K. Chaudhary, and G. Gurunga, "Maternal hemoglobin and risk of low birth weight: A hospital-based cross-sectional study in Nepal," Heliyon, vol. 8, no. 12, e12174, 2022. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12174.
S. A. Sejeny, S. R. Eastham, and S. R. Baker, "Platelet counts during normal pregnancy," Journal of Clinical Pathology, vol. 28, pp. 812-813, 1975.
M. W. Short and J. E. Domagalski, "Iron deficiency anemia: Evaluation and management," American Family Physician, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 98-104, 2013.
G. F. Smith, "An investigation into some of the effects of the state of nutrition of the mother during pregnancy and labor on the condition of the child at birth and for first few days of life," Nutrition, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 388-392, 1993.
J. Zhu, Z. Li, Y. Deng, L. Lan, and J. Yang, "Comprehensive reference intervals for white blood cell counts during pregnancy," BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, vol. 24, no. 35, 2024.
R. Yip, "Significance of an abnormally low or high hemoglobin concentration during pregnancy: Special consideration of iron nutrition," The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 72, no. 1, pp. 272-279, 2000.
Copyright (c) 2024 Sarah T. Azeez, Feedan J. Bayatli, Ayoub A. Bazzaz, Noorhan A. Chelebi

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.














