Main Article Content
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to enhance osseointegration and healing by combining electrospinning techniques with collagen and polycaprolactone (PCL) as a coating for commercial pure titanium (CpTi) implants. Methods: In vitro experiments utilized glacial acetic acid as a solvent system to create collagen/PCL coatings with varying PCL concentrations (10%, 15%, 20% w/v). Morphological and physical characterizations were conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and wettability tests. In vivo studies involved implanting collagen/PCL-coated CpTi cylinders into the femoral bone of New Zealand rabbits, followed by histological analysis at 2 and 6 weeks. Results: SEM revealed that scaffolds with higher PCL concentrations exhibited finer nanofiber structures (average diameter: 232 nm) and enhanced hydrophilicity and roughness. Histological analysis demonstrated significant osteogenic activity and basal bone formation, with well-formed bone plates observed at 6 weeks for implants coated with 20% collagen and 20% PCL. Novelty: The study highlights the potential of electrospun collagen/PCL coatings to create optimal surface properties for dental implants, achieving improved tissue integration and healing outcomes. This innovative approach demonstrates the versatility of electrospinning for fabricating fibrous scaffolds that can incorporate therapeutic agents, offering transformative implications for regenerative medicine and implantology.
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References
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- V. Pankova, K. Thway, R. L. Jones, and P. H. Huang, “The Extracellular Matrix in Soft Tissue Sarcomas : Pathobiology and Cellular Signalling,” vol. 9, no. December, pp. 1–17, 2021.
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- R. Naomi, P. M. Ridzuan, and H. Bahari, “Current Insights into Collagen Type I,” Polym. MDPI, pp. 1–19, 2021.
- V. Horbert et al., “In Vitro Analysis of Cartilage Regeneration Using a Collagen Type I Hydrogel (CaReS) in the Bovine Cartilage Punch Model,” Cartilage, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 346–363, 2019.
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- E. Margerrison, M. Argentieri, D. Kommala, and C. N. Schabowsky, “Polycaprolactone (PCL) Safety Profile Report Details Date of Submission ECRI Corporate Governance Project Manager,” no. 540, 2021.
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- A. R. Jabur, E. S. Al-Hassani, A. M. Al-Shammari, M. A. Najim, A. A. Hassan, and A. A. Ahmed, “Evaluation of Stem Cells’ Growth on Electrospun Polycaprolactone (PCL) Scaffolds Used for Soft Tissue Applications,” Energy Procedia, vol. 119, no. September, pp. 61–71, 2017.
- A. Ross, M. A. Sauce-guevara, and E. I. Alarcon, “Peptide Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration,” vol. 10, no. August, pp. 1–16, 2022.
- M. Li, M. J. Mondrinos, X. Chen, M. R. Gandhi, F. K. Ko, and P. I. Lelkes, “Elastin Blends for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 963–73, 2006.
- A. Zielińska et al., “Scaffolds for drug delivery and tissue engineering: The role of genetics,” J. Control. Release, vol. 359, pp. 207–223, 2023.
- X. Gao, S. Han, R. Zhang, G. Liu, and J. Wu, “Progress in electrospun composite nanofibers: Composition, performance and applications for tissue engineering,” J. Mater. Chem. B, vol. 7, no. 45, pp. 7075–7089, 2019.
- B. N. Blackstone, S. C. Gallentine, and H. M. Powell, “Review collagen-based electrospun materials for tissue engineering: A systematic review,” Bioengineering, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1–16, 2021.
- H. A. Owida et al., “Recent Applications of Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffold in Tissue Engineering,” Appl. Bionics Biomech., vol. 2022, pp. 1–15, 2022.
- J. R. Dias, A. Sousa, A. Augusto, P. J. Bártolo, and P. L. Granja, “Electrospun Polycaprolactone (PCL) Degradation: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 16, pp. 1–15, 2022.
- N. Brodusch, H. Demers, and R. Gauvin, Field emission scanning electron microscopy: New perspectives for materials characterization. 2018.
- Z. Chen, J. Luo, I. Doudevski, S. Erten, and S. H. Kim, “Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Analysis of an Object Larger and Sharper than the AFM Tip,” Microsc. Microanal., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1106–1111, 2019.
- B. Thomas, K. Bhat, and M. Mapara, “Rabbit as an animal model for experimental research,” Dent. Res. J. (Isfahan)., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 111, 2012.
- B. Skiles, N. A. Johnston, G. K. Hendrix, and D. L. Hickman, “Effectiveness of the Glass Bead Sterilizer for Sterilizing Surgical Instruments,” J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci., vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 252–255, 2022.
- F. A. and A. and M. AL-Askar, “Does Ultraviolet Radiation Exhibit Antimicrobial Effect against Oral Pathogens Attached on Various Dental Implant Surfaces ?,” Dent. J., 2022.
- A. A. Bazzaz (2020). Poor nociceptive innervation of neck skin in 3 domestic ruminants. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine; 7(9): 111-117. ISSN 2515-8260.
- Z. S. Abdullah, M. S. Mahmood, F. M. A. Abdul-Ameer, and A. A. Fatalla, “Effect of commercially pure titanium implant coated with calcium carbonate and nanohydroxyapatite mixture on osseointegration,” J. Med. Life, vol. 2023, no. 1, pp. 52–61, 2023.
- G. J. Colmenares-Roldán, Y. Quintero-Martínez, L. M. Agudelo-Gómez, L. F. Rodríguez- Vinasco, and L. M. Hoyos-Palacio, “Influence of the molecular weight of polymer, solvents and operational condition in the electrospinning of polycaprolactone,” Rev. Fac. Ing., vol. 2017, no. 84, pp. 35–45, 2017.
- A. Al-Khateeb, E. S. Al-Hassani, and A. R. Jabur, “Metallic Implant Surface Activation through Electrospinning Coating of Nanocomposite Fiber for Bone Regeneration,” Int. J. Biomater., vol. 2023, 2023.
- H. El-Hamshary, M. E. El-Naggar, A. El-Faham, M. A. Abu-Saied, M. K. Ahmed, and M. Al-Sahly, “Preparation and characterization of nanofibrous scaffolds of ag/vanadate hydroxyapatite encapsulated into polycaprolactone: Morphology, mechanical, and in vitro cells adhesion,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1–19, 2021.
- M. G. McKee, G. L. Wilkes, R. H. Colby, and T. E. Long, “Correlations of Solution Rheology with Electrospun Fiber Formation of Linear and Branched Polyesters,” Macromolecules, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 1760–1767, 2004.
- S. Akkoyun and N. Öktem, “Effect of viscoelasticity in polymer nanofiber electrospinning: Simulation using FENE-CR model,” Eng. Sci. Technol. an Int. J., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 620–630, 2021.
- J. Han et al., “Surface Roughness and Biocompatibility of Polycaprolactone Bone Scaffolds: An Energy-Density-Guided Parameter Optimization for Selective Laser Sintering,” Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., vol. 10, no. July, pp. 1–12, 2022.
- S. Kligman et al., “The impact of dental implant surface modifications on osseointegration and biofilm formation,” J. Clin. Med., vol. 10, no. 8, 2021.
- L. Parisi et al., “Titanium dental implants hydrophilicity promotes preferential serum fibronectin over albumin competitive adsorption modulating early cell response,” Mater. Sci. Eng. C, vol. 117, no. June, 2020.
- S. Moosa, A. Jabur, E. Al-Hassani, and A. Al-Shammari, “Evaluation of PCL Electrospun Scaffolds Concentration on Metformin Hydrochloride Release Ratio,” Eng. Technol. J., vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 1–12, 2022.
- P. Melo et al., “Electrospun Collagen Scaffold Bio-Functionalized with Recombinant ICOS-Fc: An Advanced Approach to Promote Bone Remodelling,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 18, 2022.
- Y. Li et al., “Collagen-based biomaterials for bone tissue engineering,” Mater. Des., vol. 210, p. 110049, 2021.
References
M. A. H. Al Najjar and S. S. Al- Adili, “Evaluation of crestal bone resorption around dental implants in flapped and flapless surgical techniques depending on Cone Beam CT Scan (Comparative Study),” J. baghdad colege Dent., vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 231–237, 2019.
M. E. Hoque et al., “Titanium and titanium alloys in dentistry: current trends, recent developments, and future prospects,” Heliyon, vol. 8, no. 11, p. e11300, 2022.
Y. Shibata and Y. Tanimoto, “A review of improved fixation methods for dental implants. Part I: Surface optimization for rapid osseointegration,” J. Prosthodont. Res., vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 20–33, 2015.
T. L. Alzubaydi, S. S. Alameer, T. Ismaeel, A. Y. Alhijazi, and M. Geetha, “In vivo studies of the ceramic coated titanium alloy for enhanced osseointegration in dental applications,” J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med., vol. 20, no. SUPPL. 1, pp. 35–42, 2009.
S. A. Sell, M. J. McClure, K. Garg, P. S. Wolfe, and G. L. Bowlin, “Electrospinning of collagen/biopolymers for regenerative medicine and cardiovascular tissue engineering,” Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., vol. 61, no. 12, pp. 1007–1019, 2009.
J. K. Kular, S. Basu, and R. I. Sharma, “The extracellular matrix : Structure , composition , age-related differences , tools for analysis and applications for tissue engineering,” vol. 2016, 2014.
V. Pankova, K. Thway, R. L. Jones, and P. H. Huang, “The Extracellular Matrix in Soft Tissue Sarcomas : Pathobiology and Cellular Signalling,” vol. 9, no. December, pp. 1–17, 2021.
L. O. Farhan, E. M. Taha, and A. M. Farhan, “A Case control study to determine Macrophage migration inhibitor, and N-telopeptides of type I bone collagen Levels in the sera of osteoporosis patients,” Baghdad Sci. J., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 848–854, 2022.
R. Naomi, P. M. Ridzuan, and H. Bahari, “Current Insights into Collagen Type I,” Polym. MDPI, pp. 1–19, 2021.
V. Horbert et al., “In Vitro Analysis of Cartilage Regeneration Using a Collagen Type I Hydrogel (CaReS) in the Bovine Cartilage Punch Model,” Cartilage, vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 346–363, 2019.
B. W. Tillman, S. K. Yazdani, S. J. Lee, R. L. Geary, A. Atala, and J. J. Yoo, “The in vivo stability of electrospun polycaprolactone-collagen scaffolds in vascular reconstruction,” Biomaterials, vol. 30, no. 4, pp. 583–588, 2009.
M. Morra, “Biochemical modification of titanium surfaces: Peptides and ECM proteins,” Eur. Cells Mater., vol. 12, pp. 1–15, 2006.
S. Hauck et al., “Collagen/hyaluronan based hydrogels releasing sulfated hyaluronan improve dermal wound healing in diabetic mice via reducing inflammatory macrophage activity,” Bioact. Mater., vol. 6, no. 12, pp. 4342–4359, 2021.
S. M. Lupi, M. Torchia, and S. Rizzo, “Biochemical modification of titanium oral implants: Evidence from in vivo studies,” Materials (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 11, 2021.
A. J. Morwood, I. A. El-Karim, S. A. Clarke, and F. T. Lundy, “The Role of Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Adhesion Motifs in Functionalised Hydrogels,” Molecules, vol. 28, no. 12, p. 4616, 2023.
M. S. Carvalho and J. M. S. Cabral, “Bone Matrix Non-Collagenous Proteins in Tissue Engineering : Creating New Bone by Mimicking the Extracellular Matrix,” pp. 1–33, 2021.
C. Behrens, P. Kauffmann, N. von Hahn, U. Schirmer, K. Liefeith, and H. Schliephake, “Collagen-Based Osteogenic Nanocoating of Microrough Titanium Surfaces,” Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 23, no. 14, 2022.
M. Christen, “Polycaprolactone : How a Well-Known and Futuristic Polymer Has Become an Innovative Collagen-Stimulator in Esthetics,” Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol., 2020.
I. N. Safi et al., “Preparing polycaprolactone scaffolds using electrospinning technique for construction of artificial periodontal ligament tissue,” J. Taibah Univ. Med. Sci., vol. 15, no. 5, pp. 363–373, 2020.
B. Sowmya, A. B. Hemavathi, and P. K. Panda, “Poly (ε-caprolactone)-based electrospun nano-featured substrate for tissue engineering applications: a review,” Prog. Biomater., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 91–117, 2021.
E. Margerrison, M. Argentieri, D. Kommala, and C. N. Schabowsky, “Polycaprolactone (PCL) Safety Profile Report Details Date of Submission ECRI Corporate Governance Project Manager,” no. 540, 2021.
L. Muthukrishnan, “An overview on electrospinning and its advancement toward hard and soft tissue engineering applications,” Colloid Polym. Sci., pp. 875–901, 2022.
T. H. Sabreen Waleed Ibrahim, “Electrospun Nano-Barium Titanate/Polycaprolactone Composite Coatings on Titanium and Ti 13Nb 13Zr Allo,” Compos. Adv. Mater., pp. 1–3, 2023.
A. A. Mohammed and T. I. Hamad, “Assessment of Anti-Bacterial Effect of Faujasite from Patients with Periimplantitis,” J. Res. Med. Dent. Sci., vol. 9, no. 9, pp. 166–170, 2021.
L. J. Del Valle, R. Camps, A. Díaz, L. Franco, A. Rodríguez-Galán, and J. Puiggalí, “Electrospinning of polylactide and polycaprolactone mixtures for preparation of materials with tunable drug release properties,” J. Polym. Res., vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1903–1917, 2011.
S. A. Moosa, A. R. Jabur, and E. S. Al- Hassani, “Preparation and physical properties of Pcl-metoprolol tartrate electospun nanofibers as drug delivery system,” Key Eng. Mater., vol. 886, pp. 183–188, 2021.
A. R. Tan, J. L. Ifkovits, B. M. Baker, D. M. Brey, R. L. Mauck, and J. A. Burdick, “Electrospinning of photocrosslinked and degradable fibrous scaffolds,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. - Part A, vol. 87, no. 4, pp. 1034–1043, 2008.
A. R. Jabur, E. S. Al-Hassani, A. M. Al-Shammari, M. A. Najim, A. A. Hassan, and A. A. Ahmed, “Evaluation of Stem Cells’ Growth on Electrospun Polycaprolactone (PCL) Scaffolds Used for Soft Tissue Applications,” Energy Procedia, vol. 119, no. September, pp. 61–71, 2017.
A. Ross, M. A. Sauce-guevara, and E. I. Alarcon, “Peptide Biomaterials for Tissue Regeneration,” vol. 10, no. August, pp. 1–16, 2022.
M. Li, M. J. Mondrinos, X. Chen, M. R. Gandhi, F. K. Ko, and P. I. Lelkes, “Elastin Blends for Tissue Engineering Scaffolds,” J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A, vol. 79, no. 4, pp. 963–73, 2006.
A. Zielińska et al., “Scaffolds for drug delivery and tissue engineering: The role of genetics,” J. Control. Release, vol. 359, pp. 207–223, 2023.
X. Gao, S. Han, R. Zhang, G. Liu, and J. Wu, “Progress in electrospun composite nanofibers: Composition, performance and applications for tissue engineering,” J. Mater. Chem. B, vol. 7, no. 45, pp. 7075–7089, 2019.
B. N. Blackstone, S. C. Gallentine, and H. M. Powell, “Review collagen-based electrospun materials for tissue engineering: A systematic review,” Bioengineering, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 1–16, 2021.
H. A. Owida et al., “Recent Applications of Electrospun Nanofibrous Scaffold in Tissue Engineering,” Appl. Bionics Biomech., vol. 2022, pp. 1–15, 2022.
J. R. Dias, A. Sousa, A. Augusto, P. J. Bártolo, and P. L. Granja, “Electrospun Polycaprolactone (PCL) Degradation: An In Vitro and In Vivo Study,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 16, pp. 1–15, 2022.
N. Brodusch, H. Demers, and R. Gauvin, Field emission scanning electron microscopy: New perspectives for materials characterization. 2018.
Z. Chen, J. Luo, I. Doudevski, S. Erten, and S. H. Kim, “Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) Analysis of an Object Larger and Sharper than the AFM Tip,” Microsc. Microanal., vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 1106–1111, 2019.
B. Thomas, K. Bhat, and M. Mapara, “Rabbit as an animal model for experimental research,” Dent. Res. J. (Isfahan)., vol. 9, no. 1, p. 111, 2012.
B. Skiles, N. A. Johnston, G. K. Hendrix, and D. L. Hickman, “Effectiveness of the Glass Bead Sterilizer for Sterilizing Surgical Instruments,” J. Am. Assoc. Lab. Anim. Sci., vol. 61, no. 3, pp. 252–255, 2022.
F. A. and A. and M. AL-Askar, “Does Ultraviolet Radiation Exhibit Antimicrobial Effect against Oral Pathogens Attached on Various Dental Implant Surfaces ?,” Dent. J., 2022.
A. A. Bazzaz (2020). Poor nociceptive innervation of neck skin in 3 domestic ruminants. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine; 7(9): 111-117. ISSN 2515-8260.
Z. S. Abdullah, M. S. Mahmood, F. M. A. Abdul-Ameer, and A. A. Fatalla, “Effect of commercially pure titanium implant coated with calcium carbonate and nanohydroxyapatite mixture on osseointegration,” J. Med. Life, vol. 2023, no. 1, pp. 52–61, 2023.
G. J. Colmenares-Roldán, Y. Quintero-Martínez, L. M. Agudelo-Gómez, L. F. Rodríguez- Vinasco, and L. M. Hoyos-Palacio, “Influence of the molecular weight of polymer, solvents and operational condition in the electrospinning of polycaprolactone,” Rev. Fac. Ing., vol. 2017, no. 84, pp. 35–45, 2017.
A. Al-Khateeb, E. S. Al-Hassani, and A. R. Jabur, “Metallic Implant Surface Activation through Electrospinning Coating of Nanocomposite Fiber for Bone Regeneration,” Int. J. Biomater., vol. 2023, 2023.
H. El-Hamshary, M. E. El-Naggar, A. El-Faham, M. A. Abu-Saied, M. K. Ahmed, and M. Al-Sahly, “Preparation and characterization of nanofibrous scaffolds of ag/vanadate hydroxyapatite encapsulated into polycaprolactone: Morphology, mechanical, and in vitro cells adhesion,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 13, no. 8, pp. 1–19, 2021.
M. G. McKee, G. L. Wilkes, R. H. Colby, and T. E. Long, “Correlations of Solution Rheology with Electrospun Fiber Formation of Linear and Branched Polyesters,” Macromolecules, vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 1760–1767, 2004.
S. Akkoyun and N. Öktem, “Effect of viscoelasticity in polymer nanofiber electrospinning: Simulation using FENE-CR model,” Eng. Sci. Technol. an Int. J., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 620–630, 2021.
J. Han et al., “Surface Roughness and Biocompatibility of Polycaprolactone Bone Scaffolds: An Energy-Density-Guided Parameter Optimization for Selective Laser Sintering,” Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., vol. 10, no. July, pp. 1–12, 2022.
S. Kligman et al., “The impact of dental implant surface modifications on osseointegration and biofilm formation,” J. Clin. Med., vol. 10, no. 8, 2021.
L. Parisi et al., “Titanium dental implants hydrophilicity promotes preferential serum fibronectin over albumin competitive adsorption modulating early cell response,” Mater. Sci. Eng. C, vol. 117, no. June, 2020.
S. Moosa, A. Jabur, E. Al-Hassani, and A. Al-Shammari, “Evaluation of PCL Electrospun Scaffolds Concentration on Metformin Hydrochloride Release Ratio,” Eng. Technol. J., vol. 40, no. 12, pp. 1–12, 2022.
P. Melo et al., “Electrospun Collagen Scaffold Bio-Functionalized with Recombinant ICOS-Fc: An Advanced Approach to Promote Bone Remodelling,” Polymers (Basel)., vol. 14, no. 18, 2022.
Y. Li et al., “Collagen-based biomaterials for bone tissue engineering,” Mater. Des., vol. 210, p. 110049, 2021.